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Sluice gates are commonly used to measure water discharge and to adjust the water level in open canals. Sluice gates can also be used at the crest of dam spillways for controlling floods. Estimation of head loss (∆E/E₀) and discharge coefficients (C_d) for a sluice gate is essential for the design of open canals. Depending on the downstream water level, free or submerged flow conditions may occur. Although there have been some investigations on C_d for sluice gates, a comprehensive literature review shows that there are no studies of ∆E/E₀ (to the best knowledge of the authors). Knowledge of ∆E/E₀ is necessary for the design of intakes and irrigation canal inverts. This study uses the physical model of sluice gate to introduce helpful charts for energy loss estimation. Experiments were conducted in the University of Tabriz, department of water engineering. A rectangular canal with length of 12 m, width of 0.5 m and height of 0.8 m was used. Vertical slide gate was installed at the 6 m from canal inlet to permit flow become uniform. Water circulation is carried out using a submerged pump. Water is pumped in a 4.5 m head tank and then inters to canal with pipes. Water level/depth was measured with a point gauge with 0.1 mm accuracy. Discharge was measured with a calibrated rectangular sharp crested weir. Experiments were carried out with different discharges and gate opening. Results show that ∆E for free flow is greater than that for submerged flow conditions. Meanwhile, discharge coefficients in a free flow are greater than those under submerged flow conditions. Relative energy losses (∆E/E₀) have a minimum value of 0.271 and a maximum value of 0.604. These high energy losses cannot be ignored in intake structures and canal-designing processes and their impact on minor canal inverts receiving water from main canals should be considered. The relative energy loss changed from the minimum value of 0.271 to the maximum value of 0.604. Multivariate regression method was used to calculate the relative energy loss and the average of the residuals was -0.004. The maximum and minimum residuals for ∆E/E₀ are 5 and -0.31, respectively. A mathematical equation with a coefficient of determination of 0.925 was presented to separate the boundary of free flow from submerged flow. To estimate the discharge coefficient in submerged flow, a mathematical equation was obtained. For this equation, the average of the residuals was -0.004. The maximum and minimum residuals for the discharge coefficient are -0.084 and 0.116, respectively. Application of multiple non-linear regression (MNR) models are presented for predicting ∆E/E₀ and C_d. The high energy losses cannot be ignored in intake structures and canal designing processes. Their impact on minor canal inverts receiving water from main canals should be considered. Application of MNR was presented from a simple equation to more sophisticated equations by improving regression relations in each step. The MNR method provides accurate equations for predicting performance for both ∆E and C_d.

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In order to facilitate the release of floods from the dams and to prevent their damage or collapse, a structure called a spillway is used. Due to the natural and variable flow of the input to the reservoirs of the dams, there are times when the river inflow exceeds the consumption amount in the downstream agricultural lands. In these cases, excess water is discharged over the crest of the weir and flows towards the spillway, which causes high velocities. This high velocity creates low pressure areas on the spillway concrete surface, which can cause major damage to the spillway or even endanger the integrity of the dam structure. Therefore, the dam spillway must safely dissipate the kinetic energy. One of the types of weirs is the stepped spillway to facilitate the passage of the flow over the dams. One of the most obvious practical features of stepped spillways compared to other spillways is the considerable energy dissipation along the spillway. Care should be taken in designing and selecting the type of spillway to prevent potential erosion and reduce kinetic energy as the water flow passes over the spillway. One possible solution is to use a stepped spillway instead of a smooth spillway. In this study, a numeral model of a stepped spillway with different steps and slopes is used. For this purpose, ANSYS software is used for modeling free surface with application of k-ε turbulence model. In the present study, numerical simulation using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was used to investigate the mixing phenomenon of two phases of air and water of the free surface flow. The flow field was continued until the residuals reached 10^-7. Compared to simpler models such as Mixture, which operates solely on the basis of averaging the properties of two phases, the VOF model, is separating the phases and considering the effects of the interface. The VOF model, is capable of more accurate simulation of phenomena such as fluid mixing, turbulent flows, and heat transfer in multiphase flows. A number of hydraulic specifications which are considered in designing the stepped spillways are the pressure on the surface of the steps, velocity distribution and energy dissipation. The results from the numerical models were compared with experimental studies. They showed acceptable agreement with physical simulations. Results show that discharge and spillway slope increment reduces the amount of energy loss. In the spillway with 5 steps, for a discharge of 0.063 m³/s, the amount of energy dissipation at a slope of 26.6 degrees changes from 85 to 82% at a slope of 45 degrees, which shows a decrease of 3%. With the increase in discharge, the flow depth increases and reduces the effect of the roughness of the steps on the upper layers of the flow. Increasing the height of the steps increases the rate of energy dissipation and also increases the occurrence of negative pressures in stepped spillway. In this case, the contact surface between the main flow and the eddy currents increases. With the increase in the height of the steps, the dimensions of the rotating vortices also increase and cause a larger radius of rotation on the steps. The presence of these large rotating vortices separates the flow from the bottom of the steps and reduces the pressure on the surfaces. The number and dimensions of steps can alter the energy dissipation rate. Increase in the number of steps in a spillway with constant height, reduces the energy loss as the result of steps dimensions being shrunk

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Foothills, plains, alluvial areas, and sloping areas whose soil is geologically susceptible to landslides, can become unstable and dangerous. In Iran, because of their soil type, Mazandaran, Gilan, Lorestan, Golestan and Khuzestan provinces are more vulnerable to landslides than other provinces. But taking into account factors such as earthquakes, extreme weather, and human interference, other parts of the country can also be prone to landslides. In case of rainfall and absorption of water by clay layers, the possibility of landslides increases. If the slope of the land is suitable, the slope will move on the clay layer and the thrust will occur downwards. In many mountains and steep areas, the conditions for slope failure may be available in terms of the slope angle, the type of soil and the presence of clay layers. But in the absence of sufficient soil moisture, this phenomenon is not observed. Landslides occur whenever rainfall happens and water penetrates the clay layer. Cutting down forest trees, destroying vegetation and pastures, along with possible rainfall and soil moisture, cam cause landslides on steep slopes. In fact, land use changes contribute to landslides. By examining the statistics over the last three decades in the northern provinces of Iran, it can be seen that landslides were far less likely when there was proper vegetation. The occurrence of heavy rains can cause failure in a large number of soil slopes. During these heavy rainfalls, the underground water level rises and increases the pore water pressure and reduces the stability of the soil. The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in pore water pressure and the factor of safety for slope stability. The flow of water inside the soil is numerically modeled as a two-dimensional, saturated-unsaturated, unsteady flow. The finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the pore water pressure and the limit equilibrium method is used to determine the factor of safety for slope stability. To simulate the unsteady flow, time duration of 4 days is used with a time step of 0.1 days. The rainfall duration was assumed to be 24 hours. The intensities of different rainfalls are used as the input flux on the soil surface. The soil moisture curve, which shows the relationship between suction-moisture content and suction-hydraulic conductivity, is used. The results show that different rainfall intensities have different effects on soil moisture profile. As the intensity of precipitation increase, the factor of safety of slope stability decreases. This decrease is steeper for the first 24 hours of rainfall and over the three days after the rain stopped, its slope decreased. For example, for a rainfall intensity of 2.04 mm/hour and the duration of one day, resulted in a factor of safety of slope stability equal to 1.853, and at the end of the fourth day, it was 1.743. In other words, the factor of safety decreased by 5.9%.
 

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Using the Correct Pattern of Consumption to achieve stable and optimal patterns of consumption and use of resources, not only can increase productivity but also can increasing possibility of a successful crossing of probable future economic downturns. Productivity means using least resources most effectively to achieve growth and prosperity in all concerning aspects. The Main Objective of This Study was to investigate factors influencing the productivity of employees with regard to the mediator role of Correct Pattern of Consumption variable. The statistical population includes all government employees in Kermanshah that among them a sample of 371 individuals was selected by The Stratified approach using the Cochran formula. For Collecting Data, questionnaire was used. Based on the research literature, a model showing influence of selected variables has been tested using LISREL software. The results showed that all factors have significant and positive effects on the productivity. Considering this relationship, and taking indirect correct pattern of consumption Mediator variable into account there are significant and substantial effects. Amount of the model fit indexes (GFI=1, AGFI=0/98) demonstrate suitability of the research model.

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There are many factors affecting economic growth. Based on the literature, the effects of these factors such as higher education are mainly examined using endogenous economic growth theories. Various theoretical models are used to estimate the relation among variables affecting economic growth. This paper investigates the effects of higher education human capital on the economic growth in Iran using the endogenous growth models. The specified model includes human capital, physical investment and foreign debt which are identified as the main determinants of economic growth in Iran. Two dummy variables are included in the model in order to represent the effects of Islamic revolution and imposed war. The Johnson five steps approach is employed to estimate the empirical model. The results confirm that higher education human capital has a relatively large and statistically significant effect on the economic growth in Iran. It is found that the growth elasticity of higher education human capital is larger than the growth impact of physical capital investment. So, in order to obtain a high rate of economic growth in the country, investment in higher education human capital must be increased. Moreover, based on the findings, it is recommended that the investment should be made using domestic saving instead of financing abroad.

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Aims: Major traumatic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the related lockdown can affect the family as the fundamental unit of all societies. This study aimed to explain family members’ psychological experiences of the COVID-19 lockdown.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021 on Public population living in Khorramabad, Iran. The sample size that achieved data saturation was 29 by purposive sampling. Unstructured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. The inductive content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim & Lundman was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Both positive (movement toward the expansion of the worldview and a sense of pleasure and happiness) and negative (anxiety, a sense of isolation, intensification of loneliness, mood and energy changes, hardship and fatigue from lockdown, boredom, anger, depression, disruption of the sleep-wake patterns, being fed up with limitations, feelings of helplessness, more frequent family disputes and arguments and Internet abuse) psychological aspects were recognized, each of which had some subcategories.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown created negative and disruptive experiences and positive and constructive experiences for different individuals.

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Aims: E-health intervention can be a valuable way to deal with asthma and reduce its global burden of it. This research aimed to determine the type of e-health interventions in the interventional studies in asthma based on PubMed.
Information & Methods: The research was carried out from 2000 to 2018 using content analysis and scientometric techniques. To reach the research population, the keywords of two concepts of asthma and e-health were identified, and then the search formula was developed using “Mesh” and “Ti” tags. By examining the 452 articles, the research population was limited to 102 articles that had somehow used e-health technologies to intervene in asthma. The extracted data from the articles were: the publication year, type of e-health technology used in the intervention, thematic scope of the intervention, and the affiliated countries of the articles.
Findings: The highest number of articles has published in 2016. Seventeen categories of e-health technology were identified by analyzing the content of 102 articles. The findings indicate that web-based systems, text messaging, and mobile applications were at the forefront of the technologies used in the studies. The highest number of interventions occurred in “asthma control”, “medication adherence”, and “self-management”. The United States has the highest share among the affiliated countries of the articles.
Conclusion: Web-based solutions have been the most extensively employed technology. In most studies, the key aim of deploying e-health interventions has been to improve “asthma control”. The United States has contributed the most to the studies.
 

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Mining and metallurgical projects are among those that require the most sizeable invest-ments undertaken in Iran. One target of the current development plan and the Ministry of Mines and Industries has been to attract foreign investment in mining projects. A survey of world-class mining companies was conducted to determine their expectations and in order to recommend a frame work for Iran aimed at attracting foreign investment This paper exam-ines and reports on the important factors and issues influencing major mining companies’ decision to invest in the mineral sector of Iran, and other developing countries, by extension.

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This research aims to determine the mercury (Hg) in the muscle and liver tissues of Otolithes ruber species and its human health risk assessment due to its consumption.
Material & Methods: In this study thirty fish samples were taken from the Imam Khomeini port in northwest of the Persian Gulf, in July. Then, the total mercury was measured by the Mercury Advanced Analyzer (254 AMA manufactured by Leco).
Findings: The mean concentrations of Hg in the muscle of O. ruber species were 0.112± 0.015 µg.g^-1 d.w that were below the limits for fish proposed by WHO, FAO, USEPA, FDA and MAFF and the mean concentrations of Hg in the liver tissues were 0.714± 0.113. µg.g^-1 d.w. Value of muscle/liver ratio was about 0.16 that revealed high contamination of the region with the mercury element. EDI and EWI lower than PTDI and PTWI and THQ<1.00 showed that the consumption of the mentioned fish will not pose an acute risk to the health of the consumers. Based on CRlim and CRmm in the studied fish for different human groups, a potential human health risk was identified for children.
Conclusion: In general, the main conclusion of this work showed that there is no serious warning or prohibition against consuming this fish by adults, however it should be mentioned that the risk assessment caused by the presence of other heavy elements as well as organic pollutants in O. ruber fish can have an impact in determining the permissible limit of consumption of this species.

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Plasma actuator is one of the newest devices in flow control techniques which can delay separation by inducing external momentum to the boundary layer of the flow. The purpose of this paper is to simulate a NLF0414 airfoil both experimentally and numerically in presence of the body force vector induced by a specific plasma actuator. For this reason, the simulation is done both numerically and experimentally for a NLF0414 airfoil with the compressible 25 m/s velocity airflow in two different cases: with no plasma actuator located on the airfoil and with body force produced by a plasma actuator located on the top of the airfoil in order to investigate the effect of plasma on the flow passing over it. The results showed that presence of a plasma actuator on the top surface of the airfoil, close to the separation point, transferred the separation point from x=16 mm to x=41 mm at the angle of attack of 18 degrees. This separation delay caused a 35% increase in the ratio of lift to drag coefficient or the efficiency of the airfoil in the same angle of attack.

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Storage of potatoes is very important because fresh potatoes are available only for a few months in a year. Thus, any treatment such as irradiation that controls sprout growth and extends shelf life of potatoes could be beneficial. In this study, potato sprout inhibition and tuber quality after treatment with various levels of Gamma Irradiation (0, 50, 100 and 150 Gy) on different dates (10, 30 and 50 days after harvest) were studied during prolonged storage at 8 and 16°C using tubers of Agria variety. A factorial experiment based on a randomized split plot design with three replications was carried out. There was minimum sprout development (4.83±0.01 g/3kg tuber) in tubers from early irradiation date (10 days after harvest). This study indicated that early irradiation and higher irradiation levels significantly decreased sprouting, percent weight loss and specific gravity of tubers. The loss of ascorbic acid and the contents of reducing and non-reducing sugars significantly increased by delay in irradiation whereas the content of sugars and ascorbic acid level decreased by irradiation. The loss of firmness became clearer during five months storage in non-irradiated tubers. Higher storage temperature (16°C) caused greater loss of ascorbic acid (20.34%). In other words, tubers stored at 16°C showed greater metabolic changes as indicated by sprouting, weight loss, and changes in sugars and ascorbic acid contents. The 50 Gy irradiation treatment on the 10th day after harvest resulted in complete sprout inhibition of tubers at 8°C storage and 150 Gy dose while inhibiting sprouting at 16°C, caused greater loss of ascorbic acid. Tubers irradiated with later after harvest were subject to greater loss of ascorbic acid in response to higher doses of irradiation and higher storage temperature. Consequently, to reduce undesirable changes in Agria potato tubers, delay in irradiation and storage at high temperature are not recommended.

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Appearance or sign or circumstances in Iranian and national Law has two roles and effects. First positive (thinking the way) and the other is creative in the past it's positive role has been attended but now extra national Law (Romanistic, German and Anglo-American Law) has paid attention to apparent and give it creative role. Most of these attentions are in stopple rule, apparent theory and apparent agency. In national Law of Iran Although hasn’t commented about apparent but can ascertain this importance from application of apparent then compare this situation with the role of extra national Law (foreign) until apparent in with drawl from extra national Law (foreign) and apparent theory having new specification or does this doctrine possess of innovation. Comparing of national doctrine of apparent with extra national (foreign) apparent theory between them. In other words extra national approach of Iranian Law hasn't so much advantage and innovation.

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Abstract:
Modern horseshoe spillways are combination of external and internal weirs and determination of hydraulic parameters of this kind of spillways is essential. In this study, by making physical models of Modern horseshoe spillway in laboratory dimension, some hydraulic parameters of modern horseshoe spillways like discharge coefficient, discharge rate through the two weirs and water surface profiles in different parts of horseshoe weir are investigated. The results showed that by increasing the ratio of head (h) to external weir’s Length (Lw) for Lw≤100 cm, the discharge coefficient for internal weir (CO) increases linearly. By increasing ratio of internal weir discharge to external weir discharge Q1/Q2, the discharge coefficient has a decreasing trend between 0.65 to 0.3 . By increasing the external weir length, the discharge rate through external weir increases while it decreases in internal weir. The external weir with Lw=100 cm has better performance than other Lws and If we select it as the better length, on average 31 percent of the flow will pass from the internal weir. Classic and Modern horseshoe spillways are able to reduce the head above the weir respectively to 28 and 50% in comparison to rectangular weir head with the same width. Investigation of the water surface profiles shows that by creating an internal weir, rooster tail hydraulic jump that existed in Classic horseshoe spillway is removed.

Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.


Abstract:
Modern horseshoe spillways are combination of external and internal weirs and determination of hydraulic parameters of this kind of spillways is essential. In this study, by making physical models of Modern horseshoe spillway in laboratory dimension, some hydraulic parameters of modern horseshoe spillways like discharge coefficient, discharge rate through the two weirs and water surface profiles in different parts of horseshoe weir are investigated. The results showed that by increasing the ratio of head (h) to external weir’s Length (Lw) for Lw≤100 cm, the discharge coefficient for internal weir (CO) increases linearly. By increasing ratio of internal weir discharge to external weir discharge Q1/Q2, the discharge coefficient has a decreasing trend between 0.65 to 0.3 . By increasing the external weir length, the discharge rate through external weir increases while it decreases in internal weir. The external weir with Lw=100 cm is the optimum length and If we select it as the optimum length, on average 31 percent of the flow will pass from the internal weir. Classic and Modern horseshoe spillways are able to reduce the head above the weir respectively to 28 and 50% in comparison to rectangular weir head with the same width. Investigation of the water surface profiles shows that by creating an internal weir, rooster tail hydraulic jump that existed in Classic horseshoe spillway is removed.

Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.
Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.Keywords: Modern & Classic horseshoe spillway, Discharge coefficient, Internal weir, Physical model.

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Nowadays, cinnamon essential oil has been considered as an antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for addition to food and biological systems. Directly use of these essential oil for food storage has some limitations due to low solubility in water, high vapor pressure and physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to reduce these limitations is the microencapsulation of essential oils in lipid carriers, including microcapsules. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in microcapsules stabilized with sodium caseinate and β-cyclodextrin and also the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In this study, in order to encapsulation, different formulations of nano emulsions containing cinnamon essential oil were prepared by ultrasound method and the effect of different polymers on droplet size, encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant properties and turbidity of nano emulsion were investigated. The results showed that the interaction of nano emulsions and encapsulated samples was effective on particle size (p <0.05). The diameters of sodium caseinate with β -cyclodextrin particles size ranged from 234 to 237 nm. Also, the diameter of the β -cyclodextrin particles in the range of 713-717 nm, and the diameter of the essential oil particles size in the range of 84-85 nm. Zeta potential was negative for sodium caseinate with β -cyclodextrin and essential oil. That showed the system had a significant negative charge. The effect of different polymers and essential oil on the encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant properties was significantly different. (P <0.05). The encapsulation efficiency of all formulations was above 70%. SEM-scanning showed homogeneous and spherical shapes with pores. FT-IR analysis confirmed the effect of van der waals forces in the formation of microcapsules.
 

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In this study, the complex coacervation of plantago major seed mucilage (PSM) and chitosan (CHI), two oppositely charged polysaccharides, was studied as a function of pH (8.0-2.0). Biopolymers concentration 1% and PSM:CHI ratio (10:90 to 90:10), according to electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity analyses. The solution containing 1% biopolymers with PSM:CHI ratio of 85:15 resulted in maximum complex coacervation at the pHopt 3.7. The EC of biopolymers solutions increased by decreasing pH. The aforementioned optimum condition resulted coacervates with maximum particles size (7 μm) and minimum ζ-potential (+5.5 mV), which were observed as densely agglomerated macro-complexes with highest coacervation yield (87%).
These hydrogels be useful for encapsulation and delivery of drugs and (bio-) active compounds.

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Researchers are always attempt to produce bread with longer shelf life and high quality. Aware of the harmful effects of chemicals additives increased consumer tend to use natural additives. The aim of this project was the production of cake (wheat-millet) containing different levels of Persian gum or Zedu (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1%). Viscosity of dough and moisture, specific volume, firmness, crust color and sensory properties were evaluated. Viscosity and moisture were increased by increasing of Persian gum in cake formulation. The sample containing 0.6% Persian gum had the lowest firmness and the highest specific volume, L^* and score of sensory properties. A* and b* values of samples containing gum did not have significant difference (P<0.05). Micro-structure of sample containing 0.6% Persian gum was compared by Micro-structure of blank (sample without Persian gum). The sample containing gum had uniformed structure compared to blank.
 

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In this study, omega-3 fatty acid nanoemulsions were prepared by spontaneous emulsification using Iranian shallot essential oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum conditions for the production of probiotic yogurt enriched with nanoemulsions of essential oil of omega3 fatty acids by using a D-optmal design. Nanoemulsions containing omega3 fatty acids were first produced by Iranian shallot essential oil (25% omega3, 35-day storage time, SOR (263/39) % and surfactant type of tween80), then the probiotic yogurt enrichment with the produced nanoemulsions, the effect of two independent variables of nanoemulsion concentration and storage time on physicochemical characteristics, population growth Probiotics and sensory properties of yogurt were investigated.the results showed that droplet size was highly influenced by surfactant concentration and surfactant type and increasing surfactant content, mean droplet diameter decreased significantly. In fact, increasing surfactant concentration coused to increased surfactant adsorption to W / O level and due to further reduction in surface tension and ultimately reduced the particle size, turbidity index, creaming index and increase coating efficiency, as well as the addition of nanoemulsions in probiotic yogurt on properties such as peroxide index, synersis rate, Population of probiotics and Sensory evaluation were significant, population growth of probiotic microorganisms in yogurt increased in the presence of vegetable nanoemulsions of essential oil due to nutrient availability. Finally, 15 days storage time and 1.4% nanoemulsions were determined as an optimum formulation by  numerical optimization.