TY - JOUR T1 - Efficiency of Bond as a Central Bank Monetary Policy Instrument in Iran: an Application of Stackelberg Model and Game Theory TT - بررسی کارآمدی اوراق مشارکت به عنوان ابزار سیاست پولی بانک مرکزی در ایران: رهیافت نظریه بازیها با رویکرد مدل استکلبرگ JF - mdrsjrns JO - mdrsjrns VL - 18 IS - 3 UR - http://ecor.modares.ac.ir/article-18-15094-en.html Y1 - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 26 KW - Game theory KW - Stackelberg model KW - Social loss KW - Bond N2 - Some economists believe that economic crises and problems, such as economic volatility, high unemployment and inflation and the social losses, stem from the government's economic intervention and the implementation of its imperative policies. In this regard, the lack of implementation of the government’s imperative policies by central bank and its independence is still a controversial issue. In the present paper, using Stackelberg model and game theory approach, the efficiency of bond issuance is evaluated as a result of central bank independence and its effect on social loss. For this purpose, a 3-player game including government, central bank and speculators having different objective functions, is designed for Iran. Modeling and numerical analyzing are performed using softwares GAMS and MAPLE during 2005 to 2009. According to minimization of social loss, the results indicate if the government does not play a dominant leadership role, and conversely, if the central bank exerts its leadership in making monetary policy via open market operations (central bank independence), the social loss can be reached to its minimum level. M3 ER -